Where the Crowns Stop

Wales — Powys, the house of Mathrafal

→ Out through her marriage to Sir John Scudamore of Kentchurch (d. 1435), then Joan Scudamore (g18), Gruffydd Dwnn (d. 1449), and into the Trussells and the de Vere Earls of Oxford. The frontier has moved — 14 Sept. His paternal line is now traced, not asserted: Gruffudd Fychan II (g21) → Gruffudd of Glyndyfrdwy (g22) → Madog Crypl (g23) → Gruffudd Fychan I of Ial (g24) → Gruffudd ap Madog of Dinas Brân (g25) → Madog ap Gruffudd Maelor (g26) → Gruffydd Maelor I (g27) → Madog ap Maredudd, King of Powys (d. 1160, g28) → Maredudd ap Bleddyn (g29) → Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Powys and Gwynedd (g30). Powys is now a wired crown with two reigning kings behind it, not a princely title standing alone. His maternal side is still a floor: Tomas ap Llywelyn (d. 1343) has no parents, so the Deheubarth descent behind Glyndŵr's mother remains untraced.

England — the Plantagenets

→ Elizabeth married Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, and carried the line to the Butlers of Ormond. Joan married Gilbert de Clare and carried it to the Despensers and the Raleighs. Two daughters, two independent descents — and no later English monarch anywhere in the tree.

Scotland — Alpin and Dunkeld

→ Out through her marriage to Robert de Ros — the Magna Carta surety baron — and their son William de Ros.

→ A second royal road runs through William's brother David, Earl of Huntingdon (g27), and from him: Margaret of Huntingdon (g26) → Alan of Galloway → Dervorguilla of Galloway (g25) → Eleanor Balliol (g24) → John Comyn II "the Black" → John III Comyn of Badenoch. Dervorguilla was the mother of King John Balliol, so the line runs through the king's sister, not the king. It brings the lordship of Galloway, the Balliols and the Comyns in with it.

Castile · León

→ Not an exit at all: she married Edward I. Castile and León do not leave royalty in this tree — they feed forward into the English crown and leave through his daughters.

Torres — the giudici of Sardinia

→ The most unexpected crown in the tree: one of the four sovereign giudicati into which medieval Sardinia was divided, its ruler styled king in the Latin charters. Out through Maria's marriage to Manfred III, Marquess of Saluzzo, and so by the Saluzzo and Percy lines into the de Veres — the same road the Salian emperors and Burgundy take.

Jerusalem and Constantinople — the house of Briennetwo crowns, one man

→ A crusader who married into the crown of Jerusalem and was later crowned emperor at Constantinople — two crowns in one life, though Jerusalem was already held in this tree by the Angevins before him. Out through his son Jean 'd'Acre', who kept only the French court office of Butler, then Blanche de Brienne and Marguerite de Fiennes, into the Mortimers and the de Veres.

Wales — Gwynedd, the house of Aberffraw

→ Out through Ralph de Mortimer, then FitzAlan, Percy and FitzWalter into the de Veres. Her mother is disputed — the site deliberately declines to claim the extra Plantagenet descent that would follow if she were King John's granddaughter.

Munster — the Dál gCais O'Briens

→ A slow exit rather than a sharp one. The Irish princely title runs on in the direct line to Turlogh Donn O'Brien (b. 1499, g17) and is finally surrendered in 1552, when Donogh became 1st Earl of Thomond. His granddaughter Lady Honora O'Brien (g13) is the last of the house in the line.

Desmond — the Eóganacht MacCarthysthe other Munster

→ When Munster was divided at the Treaty of Glanmire in 1118, the ancient Eóganacht line of Cashel — the MacCarthys — kept the southern half, Desmond, as the O'Briens kept Thomond in the north. My own descent leaves the senior kingship early: Domhnall God Cairbreach founded the MacCarthy Reagh of Carbery — Rí of Carbery and of Uí Eachach Muman — whose lords run on for two centuries to Ellen MacCarthy Reagh and her marriage to David Barry, Viscount Buttevant, then the FitzMaurices and Piers into the Hunts. The deep root is Cormac Mac Carthaigh, who built Cormac's Chapel (g27), and the Eóganacht kings of Cashel behind him.

Leinster — the Uí Cheinnselaig

→ Two doors from one king. Aoife married Strongbow at Waterford in 1170 and went to the Marshals; Órlaith married Donal Mór O'Brien and went to Thomond. The Kavanagh kings above are traditionally of the same stock, but that join is kept as tradition and not wired.

Aragón

→ Into the cadet counts of Provence, and back into royalty two generations later when Eleanor of Provence (g25) married Henry III.

Portugal — the house of Burgundy

→ Straight back into Iberian royalty: Urraca married Ferdinand II of León, and their son was Alfonso IX — so the youngest Portuguese crown enters one rung above the León door and leaves with it, through Ferdinand III and Eleanor of Castile to Edward I. A cadet of the Capetian dukes of Burgundy that made itself a kingdom and, in this tree, lasted a single reigning generation before marrying into León.

Germany — the Salian emperorsa second imperial house

→ Germany's second turn in the tree — a century after the Ottonians (in the deep doors below) and by a different house, holding the same imperial crown. Out through Agnes's marriage to Leopold III, Margrave of Austria, then the Marquesses of Montferrat and Saluzzo, the Percy Earls and the FitzAlans, and into the de Veres. The empresses Agnes of Poitou and Bertha of Savoy stand beside their husbands.

France — the Capetians

→ The princess betrothed to Richard the Lionheart for twenty-five years and never married to him. Out through William IV of Ponthieu, and back into royalty through her great-granddaughter Eleanor of Castile. The shortest road into the French royal house, though, does not run through Alys. It runs through Louis VI's other son Peter of France (g27), who took his wife's name and became Peter I de Courtenay — putting Louis VI at g28, level with Louis VII, on 22 paths. His daughter Alice de Courtenay (g26) is a male-line Capetian one generation shallower than Alys, if you count cadet blood as royal blood. The door itself does not move. France also leaves a third time, a century earlier, through Hugh Magnus of Vermandois.

Normandy and England — the Conqueror's house

→ Out through his son William FitzRobert and granddaughter Amice into the de Clares. Henry I stands in this tree twice: once by his acknowledged natural son here, and once by his lawful daughter the Empress Matilda, who carries the Plantagenet road.

Deheubarth — the house of Dinefwr

→ Out through Gerald of Windsor and into the Geraldines — the FitzGeralds of Kildare and of Desmond, and from there back to the Butlers.

Navarre — the Jiménez

→ Straight into Castile by her marriage to Sancho III. Navarre never really exits; it merges.

Jerusalem — the crusader crownanomaly

→ The one crown in the whole set that produces no royally-born descendant. The line leaves through a son born a Count of Anjou — who then fathers Henry II, and the blood re-enters royalty by the front door.

Uí Dúnlainge — the Uí Fáeláin of Naas

→ Out by marriage to Diarmait Mac Murchada. This is the deepest line in the tree — eighteen rungs back to Dunlaing mac Enda Niada in the late fifth century — and it all hangs on Sadb being Órlaith's mother, which the site grades as plausible rather than documented.

Osraige — the Dál Birn, the house of the FitzPatricks

→ Out through her marriage into the Uí Cheinnselaig — to Donnchad Mael na mBo, whose son Diarmait mac Mael na mBo took all Leinster, and whose line runs down to Diarmait Mac Murchada. The house itself reigned on in Ossory for six centuries more, the one Irish royal name to survive ennobled as a surname; but in this tree it leaves with Aífe. Behind her the wired kings run back four reigns to Cerball mac Dúnlainge (d. 888, g35) — the saga "Kjarvalr Írakonungr" of Landnámabók — where the line meets its honest ceiling.

Kyivan Rus — the Rurikids

→ Into France by marriage to Henry I, and out again with her younger son Hugh Magnus.

Sweden

→ To Kiev by marriage to Yaroslav. Sweden, Kiev and France are the same descent read at three depths.

Poland — the Piast dynasty

→ The crowned kingship of Poland came with Mieszko's son Bolesław Chrobry; this line leaves a generation before it, through his daughter Świętosława's marriage to Erik the Victorious of Sweden — so Poland joins the Swedish and Kievan descent that runs down through the Vermandois to the de Veres. Counted as a crown on the same footing as the Grand Princes of Kiev, whose rulers were likewise princes, not kings.

Wales — the kingdom of all Wales

→ Out through Osbern FitzRichard, de Neufmarché and Hereford into the Bohuns — a wholly separate Welsh line from Gwynedd and Deheubarth.

Wessex — the West Saxons

→ Out through his daughter St Margaret, shipwrecked in Scotland and married to Malcolm III. Wessex also enters twice more, earlier and by shorter roads: through Eadgifu (g33) into the Carolingians, and through Ælfthryth (g35) into Flanders.

León and Asturias — the old house

→ Into Castile by her marriage to Ferdinand I, who united the two crowns for the first time.

Italy — the Anscarids of Ivrea

→ Into Burgundy, then by two roads: one to Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Plantagenets, one to Alfonso VII of Castile.

Germany — the Ottonians

→ Hedwig married Hugh the Great and became the mother of Hugh Capet — the short road, at g32. Otto the Great is no longer the collateral he was: a newly wired line now brings the first emperor into the ancestry directly, by a longer road (g36) through his daughter Liutgard of Saxony, the Salian emperors and the de Veres. The same crown, reached a second way.

Burgundy — the Rudolphian kings of Arles

→ The kingdom of the Rhône and the Jura — not the duchy or the county, but the royal Arelat. Out through Gerberga's marriage to Hermann II, Duke of Swabia, then their daughter Gisela of Swabia, who married the first Salian emperor — so Burgundy runs straight into the German imperial line and down through the de Veres.

The Frankish Empire and Carolingian Italy

→ Into the Herbertian counts of Vermandois, and eight generations later into Isabel de Vermandois — who is the single most important woman in the whole continental half of this tree.

Navarre — the house of Aristathe deepest crown

→ Through her granddaughter Queen Toda Aznárez into the Jiménez, and so back into Navarre by the next dynasty.